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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Baxter</span></h1>
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<p><b>Richard Baxter</b> (* <a href="12._November" title="12. November">12. November</a> <a href="1615" title="1615">1615</a> zu Rowton in <a href="Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>; † <a href="8._Dezember" title="8. Dezember">8. Dezember</a> <a href="1691" title="1691">1691</a> in <a href="London" title="London">London</a>) war ein <a href="Puritaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritaner">puritanischer</a> <a href="Pfarrer" title="Pfarrer">Pfarrer</a> und <a href="Erbauungsliteratur" title="Erbauungsliteratur">Erbauungsschriftsteller</a> aus <a href="England" title="England">England</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leben_und_Werk">Leben und Werk</h2></div>
<p>1641 wurde Baxter <a href="Church_of_England" title="Church of England">anglikanischer</a> Geistlicher zu <a href="Kidderminster" title="Kidderminster">Kidderminster</a> in <a href="Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a> und war ab 1642 für einige Zeit Feldprediger im <a href="Englischer_B%C3%BCrgerkrieg" title="Englischer Bürgerkrieg">Parlamentsheer</a>. Nach der <a href="Restauration_(Geschichte)" title="Restauration (Geschichte)">Restauration</a> verlor er durch die <i><a href="Uniformit%C3%A4tsakte" title="Uniformitätsakte">Uniformitätsakte</a></i> 1662 sein Amt und lebte nach Erlass der <i>Duldungsakte</i> 1672 als Prediger in London. Als angesehener Geistlicher, der sich nicht der Staatskirche unterstellen wollte, hatte Baxter ab 1685 eine 18-monatige Gefängnishaft zu erleiden. Das in seiner Schrift <i>Der evangelische Geistliche</i> (<i>The Reformed Pastor</i>) aufgestellte Ideal soll er selbst nahezu erreicht haben. Am berühmtesten ist seine Schrift <i>Die ewige Ruhe der Heiligen</i> (<i>The Saints' Everlasting Rest</i>) aus dem Jahre 1650. Seine <i>The Poetical Works of the Late Richard Baxter</i> wurden <a href="Literaturjahr_1707" title="Literaturjahr 1707">1707</a> postum veröffentlicht.
</p><p>In der <a href="Pr%C3%A4destination" title="Prädestination">Prädestinationslehre</a> bekannte er sich zur gemilderten Auffassung des Franzosen <a href="Moyse_Amyraut" title="Moyse Amyraut">Moyse Amyraut</a> (1596–1664). „Baxterianismus“ heißt in England der mildere <a href="Calvinismus" title="Calvinismus">Calvinismus</a>, welcher zwar lediglich die Erwählung einer begrenzten Anzahl Menschen zur Seligkeit, aber keine vorher bestimmte Verwerfung annimmt.
</p><p>In seinem Werk <i><a href="Die_protestantische_Ethik_und_der_Geist_des_Kapitalismus" title="Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus">Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus</a></i> zog <a href="Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> Richard Baxters <i>Christian Directory</i> – in Webers Augen ein „Kompendium der puritanischen Moraltheologie“ – als Beleg für den Zusammenhang von asketischem Protestantismus und „Geist des Kapitalismus“ heran.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gedenktage">Gedenktage</h2></div>
<ul><li>evangelisch: <a href="9._Dezember" title="9. Dezember">9. Dezember</a> im <a href="Evangelischer_Namenkalender" title="Evangelischer Namenkalender">Evangelischen Namenkalender</a></li>
<li>anglikanisch: <a href="14._Juni" title="14. Juni">14. Juni</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Werke">Werke</h2></div>
<ul><li>1650 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=qRtOAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover"><i>The saints everlasting rest, or A treatise on the blessed state of the Saints in their enjoyment of God in Heaven</i></a></li>
<li>1653 – <i>The right method for a setled peace of conscience and spiritual comfort</i></li>
<li>1655 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=W91vpTHtfkAC&printsec=frontcover&hl=nl&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Aphorismes of justification, with their explication annexed : wherein also is opened the nature of the covenants, satisfaction, righteousnesse, faith, works, &c. : published especially for the use of the Church of Kederminster in Worcestershire</i></a></li>
<li>1656 <i>The Reformed Pastor</i></li>
<li>1657 – <i>A treatise of conversion</i></li>
<li>1658 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_a-call-to-the-unconverte_baxter-richard_1785"><i>A call to the unconverted</i></a></li>
<li>1662 – <i>Now or never</i></li>
<li>1662 – <i>A saint or a brute</i></li>
<li>1667 – <i>Reasons for the christian religion</i></li>
<li>1671 – <i>An alarme to unconverted sinners</i></li>
<li>1673 – <i>A Call to the Unconverted to Turn and Live</i></li>
<li>1673 – <i>Chapters from a christian directory or a summ of practical theology and cases of conscience</i></li>
<li>1674 – <i>Life of Faith</i></li>
<li>1674 – <i>A poor man's family book</i></li>
<li>1681 – <i>A treatise of episcopacy; confuting by Scripture, reason, and the churches testimony, that sort of diocesan churches, prelacy, and government, which casteth out the primitive church-species, episcopacy, ministry and discipline, and confoundeth the Christian world by corruption, usurpation, schism, and persecution. Meditated in the year 1640. when the Et cætera oath was imposed. Written 1671. and cast by. Published 1680, by the importunity of our superiours, who demand the reasons of our nonconformity</i></li>
<li>1683 – <i>The Dying Thoughts</i></li>
<li>1689 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_the-judgment-of-mr-baxt_baxter-richard_1689"><i>The judgment of Mr. Baxter, concerning ceremonies ...</i></a></li>
<li>1707 – <i>The practical works of the late reverend and pious mr. Richard Baxter, in four volumes. With a preface; giving some account of the author, and of this edition of his practical works</i>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=VJ1fAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover">Volume I</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=a51fAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover">The second volume</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=a51fAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover">The third volume</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=dJ5fAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover">The fourth volume</a></li></ul></li>
<li>1719 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_compassionate-warning-an_baxter-richard_1719"><i>Compassionate warning and advice to all, especially to young persons</i></a></li>
<li>1742 – <i>Directions and perswasions</i></li>
<li>1799 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_fifty-reasons-why-a-sinn_baxter-richard_1799"><i>Fifty reasons why a sinner should turn to God, this day, this hour, without delay</i></a></li>
<li>1826 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsmargaret00baxtgoog/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Memoirs of Margaret Baxter: Daughter of Francis Charlton and Wife of Richard Baxter. With some account of her mother, mrs. Hammer</i></a></li>
<li>1830 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dyingthoughtsofr00baxt/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The dying thoughts of the Rev. Richard Baxter</i></a></li>
<li>1835 <i>Select practical writings of Richard Baxter. with a life of the author</i>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selectpracticalw01baxt/page/n9/mode/2up">Volume I</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selectpracticalw02baxtiala/page/n7/mode/2up">Volume II</a></li></ul></li>
<li>1837 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=NSJOAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover"><i>Now or never : the holy, serious, diligent believer justified, excited & directed ...</i></a></li>
<li>1925 – <i>The autobiography of Richard Baxter. Being the Reliquiæ Baxterianæ abridged from the folio (1696)</i></li>
<li><i>A Christian Directory</i></li>
<li><i>Walking With God</i></li>
<li><i>The Godly Home</i></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Friedrich_Wilhelm_Bautz" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz">Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz</a>: <i>Baxter, Richard.</i> In: <i><a href="Biographisch-Bibliographisches_Kirchenlexikon" title="Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon">Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon</a></i> (BBKL). Band 1, Bautz, Hamm 1975. 2., unveränderte Auflage. Hamm 1990, ISBN 3-88309-013-1, Sp. 431–432.</li></ul>
<p>Werke in deutscher Übersetzung:
</p>
<ul><li><i>Gedanken über das Sterben</i>. Sola Gratia Medien, Siegen 2021, ISBN 978-3-948475-45-1.</li>
<li><i>Die ewige Ruhe der Heiligen</i>. Sola Gratia Medien, Siegen, 2024, ISBN 978-3-948475-82-6.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Church of England: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">The Calendar</a></i></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Richard_Baxter?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Richard Baxter</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kxp.k10plus.de/DB=1.28/REL?RELTYPE=TT&PPN=004294343">Druckschriften von und über Richard Baxter</a> im <a href="VD_17" title="VD 17">VD 17</a>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&query=118657666">Literatur von und über Richard Baxter</a> im Katalog der <a href="Deutsche_Nationalbibliothek" title="Deutsche Nationalbibliothek">Deutschen Nationalbibliothek</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118657666">Werke von und über Richard Baxter</a> in der <a href="Deutsche_Digitale_Bibliothek" title="Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek">Deutschen Digitalen Bibliothek</a></li></ul>
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Normdaten (Person): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118657666">118657666</a></span> | <a href="Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50005510">n50005510</a></span> | <a href="Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54178741/">54178741</a></span> | </div>
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